Contaceptive Use Essays - Midwifery, Medical Technology, HIVAIDS

Contaceptive Use CONTRACEPTIVE USE AT FIRST INTERCOURSE The 1995 National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) report on Contraceptive Use at First Intercourse presented tables of data based on women population 15 to 44 years of age in the U.S. who had voluntary premarital intercourse. The tables illustrate percentages of women that used contraceptives and selected methods of contraceptives during first time intercourse. This information is broken down by age, race and Hispanic origin, and year of first intercourse. The data indicates that in general contraceptive use during first time intercourse increases with age. As illustrated in the age group table, only 51.4 percent of teenagers under 16 years of age used contraceptives during first time intercourse as opposed to 65.6 percent of women 20 years of age and over. There was however, a slight decrease in percentage from 61.5 to 60.0 percent in women 18 to 19 years of age, respectively. In terms of race, the overall trend indicates that Hispanic women were the group least likely to use contraceptives during first time intercourse. In comparison to non-Hispanic white 64.8 percent, and non-Hispanic black 50.1 percent, only 36.2 percent of Hispanic women used contraception. This trend is supported by data based on first time intercourse between 1990 to 1995 for women grouped by race under 20 years of age, and over 20 years of age. The data illustrates that 52.8 percent of Hispanic women under 20 used contraception, and over the age of 20 there was an increase to 53.7 percent. The data on black women under 20 years of age; 72.1 percent, and over 20 years of age; 72.4 percent. But, when comparing this data to white women, the gap between white and Hispanic women increases even further. White women under 20 years of age; 83.0 percent, and over 20 years of age; 81.5 percent. This raw data, unfortunately, does not give any indication of subgroups within each race group and their socioeconomic status that may help to explain these gaps among women. But, this data does present the basis for further studies to explain why such gaps exist. The trend of contraception use at first intercourse has increased over time. Since before 1980, contraception use steadily increased from 50.2 percent to 75.9 percent in 1995. Women in general, 59.0 percent, including other races and origin groups not included in the report, used contraceptives during first time intercourse. Also, in general for all women under 20 years of age, from 1990 to 1995, the most common method of contraception used during first time intercourse was the condom by 60.4 percent of the population sample. The second was the pill by 11.3 percent. However, there was a significant shift from the use of condoms for women under 20 years of age to the pill for women over the age of 20. The condom contraception method dropped to 32.9 percent and the pill method increased to 30.6 percent. In terms of specific race, the same trend occurred. According to the 1990 to 1995 data, the condom was the most common contraception method during first time intercourse by white, black, and Hispanic women under 20 years of age. But, for women over 20 years of age, there was an increase in the use of the pill and a drop in condom use during first time intercourse. Despite the drop, the condom remained as the most common contraception method used by black and Hispanic women over 20 years of age. But, for white women over the age of 20, the pill was used 39.9 percent as opposed to only 33.3 percent of the condom method. The method of contraceptive use has changed dramatically over time. Before 1980, only 18.3 percent of women used condoms during first time intercourse, and 19.9 percent used the pill. From 1985 to 1989, the use of condoms doubled to 36.4 percent, and the use of the pill remained relatively the same. The contraceptive methods continued to shift between 1990 to 1995. By this time, 54.3 percent of women used condoms as opposed to 15.5 percent use of the pill during first time intercourse. An explanation for this shift may be due to the AIDS epidemic in the early 80's and AIDS awareness which forced society

The African-American Warrant f essays

The African-American Warrant f essays History 110 (Honors Option) Dr. Siri Briggs Brown Critical Response Paper The African American Warrant for Reparations In his article, Molefi Kete Asante attempts to present a detailed argument as to why African-Americans are due reparations. He states that there are moral, legal, economic, and political ideas that combined, warrant payment of reparations to the descendants of the Africans who worked under duress for nearly 250 years and that the only remedy for such an immense deprivation of life and liberty is an enormous restitution. It is his belief that the idea of reparations is a restorative justice issue. However, his argument is no different that any other: same story, different author. As an African-American, I do not believe in reparations. I am an us in the view of reparationists only because I am Black. I feel that many of the supporters of this argument are salivating at the thought of receiving a check, even if they cant identify a single slave from their family tree. Then there are those who are desperate for excuses to explain their personal failures and shortcomings. You hear it all the time, the White man did this and the White man is the reason for that and They owe us! No one owes us anything. Asante neglects the fact that Blacks as a whole are not in the same category as Jews or Japanese Americans who received compensation. These groups received reparations for specific acts of injustice that they, not their ancestors, suffered, and rightfully so. In cases such as Rosewood, Florida and Tulsa, Oklahoma, where Blacks have a clearly defined grievance, there is a legitimate right for compensation to be demanded. We should just get over it and move on. The truth of the matter is that we are much better off for being part of the they, meaning Americans, than we would had our ...

Head Start Program Introduction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Head Start Program Introduction - Essay Example Once approved the organizations will receive funding for 5 years to plan and conduct Early Head Start for children from birth till three years old focusing on developing a strong parental bond, empowering parents and developing building blocks for early learning success and Head Start programs focusing on reading and math skills for children 5 years and younger. Head Start Programs are regulated and their performances reviewed annually by the US Department of Health and Human Services/ Administration for Children and Families to ensure that the organizations are performing to the outlined standards. In addition, Head Start does more than just provide a platform for our children’s didactic learning success. Head Start also funds research for building strong healthy families and marriages. Children being raised in a single parent home does not condemn a child to academic failure, however studies show studies that children of divorce experience more behavioral problems, earned lower grades (Cherlin, 1981) and twice as likely to not graduate from high school than their peers who benefit from living with parents who did not divorce. (Zill, 1993) With marriages of the children of divorced parents at a much higher rate of divorce than the marriages of children from intact families, the cycle of potential low academic success and the poverty often associated with individuals not graduating from high school will likely continue. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of the program is quite controversial. Will studies do show that participants are happy and well, there is no significant evidence showing that they are any better off than regular public school students (Klein 2011). Economic issues also plague the program. The national deficit, already crowed schools, and inefficient schooling sites limit the program’s effectiveness. For example, the state

How to Become a Straight A Student by Cal Newport Essay

How to Become a Straight A Student by Cal Newport - Essay Example What works for a particular student may not work for another. However, there are certain study methods that can work for most students. Students can determine for themselves the study methods that work best for them. Often, most students choose study methods such as making short notes to remember key information, repeating or verbalizing the information studied and using memory tools to help retain the information. Jim was always an average student. Although he was always poring over his books, trying to memorize facts, he was never a good student, only managing to scrape through exams and never getting the grades he wanted. Jim’s parents were disappointed. Jim himself thought that he was a loser with a learning disability. Jim always wondered why some of his friends who spent much of their time partying seemed to breeze through their exams while he was burning his midnight oil and yet flunking some of his exams. For Jim, sitting for an exam was a stressful time that always to ok a toll on his health and emotional strength. He longed to ask some of his friends the secret of doing well in their exams, but they were all such jerks. They would probably laugh at him. Jim was getting tired of the embarrassment of failing and letting his folks down. He was sick of working hard and obtaining poor grades. Sebastian 2 One day, Jim had to study for some important exams in his high school. He tried to cram everything. He tried to practice rote memorization by reading his notes over and over again. Unfortunately, there was too much to memorize and he realized that his brain was not a computer to store everything he had studied. Moreover, there were too many distractions and he just could not concentrate. Jim was desperate. He had to find a quick solution. He sat at his computer and started surfing the internet. It was then he came across a web site that got him interested. It was actually a book â€Å"The Overnight Student† by Dr. Michael L Jones. It did not t ake long for Jim to read the book but it all made perfect sense. By the time he came to the end of the book, Jim realized that he had been doing wrong all these years. He had employed all the wrong study methods to prepare for his exams. He learnt a few things that dramatically changed the way he studied for exams. The book advocated that the student become a teacher of an imaginary class. Jim tried this. He read small segments of a particular topic. Then, he taught what he learnt to an imaginary class. Slowly, he began to understand better what he had studied. Jim began to feel more confident. The wall he was teaching did not laugh or ridicule him. By closeting himself where no one can hear him and vice versa, Jim was able to concentrate on his studies. By teaching the imaginary class, Jim was actually going over his notes in segments. Soon, Jim was getting better grades. Jim’s story teaches us several valuable lessons. Effective learning can only take place when a student s tudies in an environment free of distractions. We all face distractions all the time. We take breaks to browse the internet, we answer phone calls and sometimes the lure of television programmes is just too great a temptation to resist. Distractions not only increase our stress Sebastian 3 levels, they interfere with our studies. Moreover, regaining concentration after a distraction can be time consuming. Therefore, it is best to set aside a study area at home and remove all sources of distractions.

Change Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Change Management Paper - Essay Example He came in as a tough and very aggressive manager, always demanding results from employees across all company outlets. This new approach to leadership faced initial resistance by some outlet managers who stuck to old style of business operations. His concerted efforts, together with his likeminded team, helped turn around company operations while at the same time maintaining its traditional appeal (Roush, 1999, p. 171)1. Images of Managing Change Capacity building and trainings are conducted across all management levels to keep its employees up to date with requisite skills. These are necessary in positioning the company as a leader in provision of consumer responsive business solutions. These forums changed employee attitude towards work by adopting performance based approach to management. The overall benefit associated with this culture change is increasing sales volumes. The company is introducing policy papers and action plans for instance; it implemented a Strategic, Operating and Resource Planning (SOAR) program that completely overhauled its internal environment. This improved its daily business practice and human resource management to become a store with efficient processes which improved accountability and transparency. Home Depot opened its doors for clients to engage productively in shaping organisation culture, and is now more responsive to consumer needs (Cummings & Worley, 2009, p. 14)2. Such programs give employees the much needed motivation, shifting their approach to target keeping in line with company vision, and ensuring set goals are actualised. The SOAR action plan determines resource allocation, and ensures expansion plans are done according to projected growth forecasts in individual outlets. The company appreciates sales as an important department, and this informs changes in human resource management planning to focus on capacity building and training. These initiatives improve employee performance to scale up sales in an increasingly competitive business environment. It holds an annual meeting which assesses human resource needs, and then relevant changes are made to come up with a cohesive workforce. Environmental Changes That Drove Culture Change at Home Depot Advances in technology provide management with tools that has significantly improved internal communications infrastructure. Nardelli introduced a two hour conference call every Monday where outlet managers update him on weekly activities and closing financial reports. This changed the hands off approach which restricted coordination of activities between the two managerial levels. In the meeting, they set weekly targets in their respective lines of duty, and make decisions that improve business environment in both short and long term. This Monday meeting is conducted via video conferencing and is a great contribution to improved synergy witnessed in the management (Marcus, Blank & Andelman, 1999, p.135)3. Employee empowerment strategy gave them power t o set their performance targets, and top management helped in giving the right environment to ensure the set goals are met. For instance, they channel funds for expansion strategies and product diversification to stores with realistic growth forecasts. Employee attitude towards work is completely overhauled, and this makes them be part of the change process. Signs and Reasons for Resistance to Change at the Depot Slightly

Globalization Its Mechanism And Opportunities For Women Entrepreneurship Economics Essay

Globalization Its Mechanism And Opportunities For Women Entrepreneurship Economics Essay Globalisation has provided opportunities for women enterpreneurship in the field medicine, hospitality, computer software and information technology, beauty and healthcare, sports, food, fruits and vegetable processing, banking, event mangement etc. Some of the famous enterpreneurs are Kiran Mazumder Shaw of Bicon, Lalitha Gupte, Head of HSBC, Vandan Luthra and Shahnaz Hussian in the field of beauty and health care.In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global guest for sustained economic development and social progress. In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of self-employed women, after the world war two. In USA women own 25% of all business ,though their sales are on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small business. In Canada, women own one-third of small business and in France it is one-fifth. In the closing years of the 21st Century, multi skilled, productive and innovative women entrepreneurs are inextricable for achieving susained economic growth. Globalisation can be a major force for prosperity only if it is backed by adequate national policies and condusive social and economic environment for women.Nowadays ,women are well- educated with technical and professional qualifications. Many of them have medical ,management and similar degrees and diplomas.Many have entered family business as equal partners.Women set up their own clinics or nursing homes ,small boutiques,small manufacturing enterprise and entered garment exports. Keywords- Women Entrepreneurship,Globalisation,Opportunities,Economy. Introduction- Globalisation describes a process by which regional economies, societies and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation and trade. The term is sometimes used to refer specifically to economic globalisation, the integration of national economics, the integration of national economics into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment capital flows, migration and the spread of technology. The term can also refer to the transnational circulation of ideas, languages or popular culture through acculturation. Globalisation leads to an expanding global and national economy. It is a process which tends to increase the interdependence, intergration and links between economics of varous nations. Foreign Direct Investment flows over the years have contributed to the increased economic integration, globalisation process on a world wide level. The economic development in India followed a socialist inspired policies for most of its independent history including state ownership of many sectors, extensive regulations and red tape known as Licence Raj and isolation from the world economy. Since the mid 1980s India has slowly opened up its market through market liberalization. After more fundamental reforms since 1991 and their renewal in the 2000s, India has progressed towards a free market economy. In the late 2000s Indias growth has reached 7.5% which has double the average income in a decade. Globalisation was offshoot of this liberalisation and privatisation, which integrated the Indian economy with the world economy. This integration provided lot of opportunities for Indians especially for women, who through their education and new-found independence could take up enterpreneurial activity. Economic reforms introduced after 1991 brought foreign competiton, led to privatisation of certain public sector industries, opened up sectors reserved for the public sector and let to an expansion in the production of fast moving consumer goods. Post liberalisation, the Indian private sector which was usually run by oligopolies of old family firms and required political connections to run, faced with foreign competitions including the threat of low cost Chinese goods. With globalisation the services industry grew rapidly giving ample opportunities to women to start entrepreneurial activity as traveling agent, internet cafà © owners, as owners of Business Process Outsoucing(BPO) units, garment factory owners etc. Globalisation has provided opportunities for women enterpreneurship in the field medicine, hospitality, computer software and information technology, beauty and healthcare, sports, food, fruits and vegetable processing, banking, event mangement etc. Some of the famous enterpreneurs are Kiran Mazumder Shaw of Bicon, Lalitha Gupte, Head of HSBC, Vandan Luthra and Shahnaz Hussian in the field of beauty and health care. In this dynamic world, women entrepreneurs are an important part of the global guest for sustained economic development and social progress. In advanced countries, there is a phenomenon of increase in the number of self-employed women, after the world war two. In USA women own 25% of all business ,though their sales are on an average are less than two-fifths of those of other small business. In Canada, women own one-third of small business and in France it is one-fifth. In the closing years of the 21st Century, multi skilled, productive and innovative women entrepreneurs are inextricable for achieving susained economic growth. Globalisation of industrial production and economic independence have become the torch bears for all international co-operations. In the dynamic world which is experiencing the effects of globalisation, privatisation and liberalisation, women entrepreneurs are likely to become an even more important part of the global quest for sustained economic growth and s ocial development. Their economic status is now accepted as an indication of the societys stage of development. Though the opening up of market in 1991 provided a much needed boost to the Indian Economy, its effect on women entrepreneurs are debatable. Globalisation, a process whereby owners of capital are able to invest more their capital around the globe more quickly and easily has resulted in the removal of state controls on trade and investment, disappearence of tariff barriers and spread of new information and communication technologies. The opportunities created by globalisation have created new avenues for investment and have opened doors of opportunities, but the benefits have not been equitably distributed thereby impending efforts to promote advancement of women particularly those living in proverty. The gains of globalisation have been concentrated in the hands of better off women with higher levels of education and greater ownership of resources and access to capital. But the majority of women being poor have not received the benefits of globalisation. Due to entry of multinational companies the local markets traditional women enterpreneurs have received stiff competition. The small enterprises like boutiques, tailoring vegetable vending have been adversely affected. Thus globalisation an one hand has empowered women to own big enterprises like Biocon, VLCC, etc on the other hand it has adverse effect an economically backward women-owned enterprises. Literature Review According to Carl Menger (1840-1921) in his `Principle of Economics the economic change does not arise from the circumstances but from an individuals awareness and understanding of those circumstances. Thus, entrepreneur is change agent who transforms resources into useful goods and services. Joseph Schumpeter (1883-1950) wrote a series of economic article and treaties between. 1911 and 1950 that specifically addressed entrepreneurship. The entrepreneur seeks in Schumpeters words `to reform or revolutionize the pattern of production by exploiting an invention or more generally in untried technological possibility for producing a new commodity or producing an old one in a new way, by opening up a new sources of supply of materials or a new outlets for products. Peter Ducker who described the entrepreneurial role as one of gathering and using resources but he said that resources to produce results, must be allocated to opportunity rather that to problems. Recently Robert Ronstadlt definition of entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship is the dynomic process of creating increase mental wealth. This wealth is created by individuals who assume the major risks in terms of equity, time and/or career commitment of providing value for some product or service. The product or service itself may or may ot be new or unique but value must same how be infused by the entrepreneur by securing and allocating the necessary skills and resources Karl Vesper describes entrepreneur positively pillars of industrial strength the moves and shakers who constructively disrupt the status quo. From socio-cultural Albert Shapero conducted research and said that individual often become entrepreneurs by being thrown into situations that force them to fashions their own means of economic livelihood Immigrants often are successful entrepreneurs people often given up their nighly paid jobs who start new business enterprise. Corporate entrepreneurship is referred to as intrapreurship is concerned with innovation that leads to new corporate divisions or subsidiary ventures in established layer firms. In practice, entrepreneurship have historically altered the directions of national economics industries and markets. The have invented new products and developed the organssation and means of production to bring them to market. They have introduced quantum leaps in technology by reallocation of resources. They have altered our pattern of living and erected new services. Women entrepreneurship defined by Government of India An enterprises owned and controlled by a women having a minimum financial interest of 51 percent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated by true enterprise to women. Komal Singh define women entrepreneurship as A women entrepreneurship can be defined as a confident, innovative and creative woman capable of achieving self economic independence individually or in collaboration, generates employment opportunities for others through initially establishing and running the entrepreneurship by keeping pace with her personal family and so cial life. The participation of women in economic activities in necessary not only from a human resource point of view but is essential for raising the status of women in society. The economic status of women is now accepted as an indicator of a society stage of development. The numbers of women entrepreneurship has increased during the 1990s. Surveys demonstrate that womens primary entrepreneurial activity is focused on the small and medium enterprises sector. About 60 percent are small scale entrepreneurs, 15 per cent are large scale manufactors and remainder consists of cottage and micro-entrepreneurs. Empirical evidence shows that women contribute significantly to the running of family business mostly in the form of unpaid efforts and skills. There are many enterprises in which women hold majority share are runned by men who control the operation and decision making.The 1991 industrial policy had envisaged special training programme to support women entrepreneurs. The Small In dustries Development Organisation (SIDO) with its field offices all over the country has been carrying out different entrepreneurship development for women and setting SSI units. Objective of the study: To analyses the different problems and challenges facing women entrepreneurship in India after liberalization and globalisation. Methods and Materials: The complete research work leading to the paper is based on both systematic and ad-hoc research methods. Under systematic methods researcher will adopt both primary and secondary data. Under secondary data the researcher will consult different relevant books, literature, journals, magazines, newspapers, government documents, internet etc Vis-à  -vis problems and challenges. In primary data researcher will meet personally the women entrepreneurs and take interviews. Results and discussion Due to adoption of liberalization policies after 1991 there has been a commercialisation of production and manufacturing. There has been a expansion of economic and informal activities, resulting in expansion of market with women getting increasely involved as users and promoters of the commercial ativities. For most women this development marks the shift from in market economy. Before liberalization most women were confined to agriculture and subsidiary activities as the major sources of income .But ater liberalization a lot of women have set up small and medium enterprises like papad, pickles, spices making and tailoring and weaving, animal husbandry, agro-food based industries etc. Thus, liberalisation has helped in encouraging women enterprises. Before 1991 there was difficulty in obtaining credit, licenses and marketing but with privatization all this has changed. The atmosphere has become more conducive and markets have opened up encouraging women entrepreneurs to enter in unexplored economic areas from cottage industry like food processing, to beauty, health care and sanitation to information technology and bioinformation. Globalisation has acted as both PULL and PUSH factor for women entrepreneurs. The women entrepreneurs under PULL factor consider entrepreneurship as a challenge with an adventure and urge to do something new, liking for business and to have an independent occupation. Those under PUSH factor choose entreprenership to get over financial difficulties and responsibilities thrust on them. Kiran Mazumdar Shaw is an example of PULL factor. Her knowledge and degree in Biotechnology helped her to establish Biocon, which is now renowned company all over world.Jashwantiben Popat who made Lijjat Papad a household n ame is an example of PUSH factor. She along with other economically poor women started the all women cooperative which become symbol of women empowerment in India.Globalisation has increased opportunities but also posed challenges. Many traditional livelihoods which have high employment potential like handlooms and other non-agro enterprises which are women dominated have become unviable. Wage differentials job vulnerability and unpaid work burden for women has increased while their social safety nets have been eroded. Unequal access for women to schooling, land, credit, facilities, alternate employment skill training and technology has led to crowding of women in the lowly paid jobs. The Eleventh Plan provides respite against globalisation and helps common women with necessary skill training, vocational training and technology education. It helps towards a social security policy that mitigates the negative impact of globalisation on women.Globalisation has had its impact on human d evelopment of the country and more specifically its impact on women empowerment. Women comprise half the total population of the country and any society which is based on discrimination of women is incurring wastage of human resources and no developing country can afford it. Globalisation has increased supply of women labor force in the global labour market especially in field which require knowledge and application of technology and in research and development. Bharti Kashyap who is Ranchis famous and best eye specialists, is the best example of PULL factor. She completed her medical study after marriage and become a doctor. She started the Kashyap Eye Hospital on her own, equipped with latest technology for eye treatment. She even carries charitable eye treatment in her hospital and organises camp for poor and needy people. She with her knowledge and busines acumen has created history which no other lady can match. Small scale enterprises, vending and other petty trade are mostly carried out by low paid workers in a developing economy. Such workers often are women. They form a major part of home based workers and are also involved in unpaid family owned enterprises. Women also form a major share of agricultural wokers who are either paid very modestly or not paid at all.The situation of women is very difficult in a country like India. It is generally not accepted for women to participate in the labor force. In 1991 less than 22 percent of women in all ages were engaged in any market related work. It was not culturally acceptable in India for women to access to jobs. In stores, factories and public sector or even become enterpreneurs. Women were invloved in informal sector. With changes that well brought in by New Industrial policy of 1991 open new avenues for women and affected them greatly. The major changes in Indian policies leading to reduction in the scope of industrial licensing since 1991 and opening up of economy. The major thrust of the liberalisation process have been wide ranging trade reforms bringing about restructuring and a reduction in custom duties together with a gradual elimination of qunatitative restrictions on trade. Te impact of new industry policy of 199 have borne different conseqences for men and women because they differ in their economic and social status. With growth propelled Foreign Direct Investment, technological innovations and manufactured exports has bought a wide range of economic and social opportuniites to women entrepreneurs. The fashion designers became entrepreneurs and entered garment industry to export readymade fabrics and garments in the global market. Women became jewellery designers and made Indian jewellery popular all over the world through design and business acumen.To name some of them fashion designer Ritu Kumar,Ritu Beri, Reena Dhakha have created brand labels for them . Impact of Globalization and Eleventh Plan Strategy Liberalization has led to a paradign shift in the countrys economy. While this has provided many increase in opportuniites, it has also posed challenges. We have moved towards technology dominated sectors. Many traditional livelihoods that have high employment potential like handlooms and other non-agro enterprises that are women dominated have become unviable wage diffentials, job vulnerability and unpaid work burden for women has increased, while their social safety nets have eroded unequals access for women to schooling, land, credit facilities, alternate employment, skill training and tehnology has led to the crowding of women in the lowly paid jobs of most sectors. While seeking to provide relief to deprived and women dominated sectors such as agriculture and small enterprises the plan will also work towards main stream women in new and emerging areas of the economy through necessary skill training, vocational training and technology education. The plan tries to mitigate the neg ative impact of globalisation of women. Globalisation has put a premium on skills and higher levels of education which are often out of reach of women in the unorganised sector. A key issue in the Eleventh Plan is to enable these women to secure higher level of education and better paid jobs through vocational training and skill development. Women need technology support, credit facilities and marketing support to take up entrepreneurial activities in new and emerging trades. At the same time workers traditional skill such as knowledge of herbal plants, weaving, food processing or providing care will be recognised and marketed. Combination of computer and communications technologies culminating in networking technologies have enhanced speed and reduced the cost of communications to such an extent that the question of distance has become less relevant in commerical and business transaction. In addition, digitisation of information and the Internet have made it possible to sell goods and services beyond the boundaries of cou ntries. This has benefited women entrepreneurs. The market for e-business and e-commerce is, at least potentially global. Thus internet makes access to global knowledge that includes prices, markets, demand and tools.1 Women have benefited by having access to Global Markets Globally distributed network. Global knowledge. The success is limited to urban areas which have connectivity but women living in villages rarely reap the benefit of digital revolution and internet. Women often find it to engage in new forms of self-employment due to lack of skill, computer and English language. Opportunity to establish businesses in telekiosks or cyber cafes often elude women who do not have same access as men to family resource or institutional finance. Societal roles or biological qualities do not always work against women. For example the patience and persistence needed for repetitive work or the ability and inclination to work as a team are the qualities that management associate with women. It has led to recuitment of young women in emerging institutions of the digital economy such as call centres, BPO (Busines Process Outsourcing) KPO (Knowledge Process Outsourcing). The main advantage of the web is it may allow women to findnew markets and enhance existing enterprises. Globalisation has brought in businesses that have the advantages of low capital and skill requirements. Aside from telephony services, womens handicraft could marketed, supplied and sold through internet using B2C e-commerce services.Globalisation has increased competiton and improved quality of goods and services. It has led to he boom in service sectors, providing self employment opportunities to women in the field providing, services such as travel agent/agen cy, internet cafes, xerox services, beauty, health spas, creches, teleprinter, fax services, laundry, dry cleaning, tailoring, tiffin services to employees of multinational companies, small shops of cosmetics, garments, grocery, consultancy services, street vendors selling vegetables, fruits seasonal items andother necessary items.3 The impact of globalisation on the nature of womens work comes through in a variety through technological change and through flexibalization of the work force, through opening of new markets, through changes in social security policies and through growing pressures on resources. There is feminization of the labour force globally. A positive impact of globalisation is that women are able to get credit for self employment through their local branch of banks which now present there in villages and small towns, apart from cities. SEWA Bank which is cooperative bank promoting women entrepreneurship which was confined to Ahmedabad. It has open in other parts of country. In the SEWA seminar Mr. Arbind Singh said on the plight of women street vendors in a paper titled cities for All Street Vendors are self employment and self generators of income. They are sellers of produces of special kind produced by small entrepreneurs cheap products, daily necessity goods selling to specific buyers middle class and poor. They are outside the preview of formal, organised economy, market, capital, local and governmental subsidy. They subsidize urban living by selling goods at cheaper prices. They provide market channel to small producers. Street Vendor who mostly women contribute to growth of commerce and their turnover rules in crores. They are often lifeline of village haats and small villages.2 Case Study : Project Shakti HLL Through Project Shakti, Hindustan Level Ltd provides micro-credit to women in villages to sell their products such as soap, shampoos, toothpaste, tea, salt, sansitary napkins, etc. It is unleasling the potential of rural India and changing life. Shakti Entrepreneur Programme helps women in rural India Setup small businesses as direct to consumer retailers. The scheme equips women with business skills and a way out of poverty as well as creating a crucial new distribution channel for unilever products in the large and fast growing global market of low spending consumers living in Indian village. One in eight people on this world lives in an Indian village. Project Shakti can be describe in many ways as it empowers rural women through micro-credit enterprise initialtive that create livelihood and makes women enterpreneurs out of rural women. Shakti already has 25,000 women entrepreneurs in its fold earning about Rs. 700 Rs. 1,000 per month. It is implemented in 15 states including Bihar and Jharkhand.5 Globalisation has also contributed to the creation of new associations of women and the strengthining of their networks to offer mutual support and resources. Perhaps that most critical of the impacts of globalisation on women is the worsening situation of violence against women and the trafficking of women and girls, which is quite evident in Ranchi and all over Jharkhand. Globalisaion has led to the setting up of SEZs and export oriented industrialisation as one the key mechanisms for economic trasformation. It has provided opportunity for women entrepreneurship in the field of herbal cosmetics, readymade garments, gems and jewellery, food items, etc. Globalisation has certain drawbacks. Globalisation also tends to privilege large companies who can capture new markets quickly and easily to the disadvantage of small and micro entrepreneurs who face difficulties gaining knowledge of much less access to emerging markets. In sum, globalization puts pressure on low skilled workers and petty producers by weakening their bargaining power and subjecting them to increasing competiton. Globalisation has increased the number of low paid, part time and exploitative job for women in factories such as textile, garment industry. It has increased migration of male members of household from the rural to urban areas and the women have to bear the triple burden of caring, farming and paid or self employment in rural sector to run their household. Globalisation has led to importance of education and vocational training in women. Globalisation has increased importance of ICTs (Information, Communication, Technology) can also help women entrepreneurs work under more flexible conditions and therefore balance the double burden of family and professional responsibilites move sucessfully. They can also help women emtrepreneurs overcome discrimination they may face in conducting business, as more and more deals are made online, it is easier to evaluate the quality of projects, products and services without being influenced (consciously or unconsciously) by the gender of the business owner. Women enterpreneurs are now forming associations and networks at local, regional, national and international level which is helping their business to grow and find market and support and encourage internationalisation. As owners of small and medium-size enterprises (SEMs) women can supply multinational companies with ideas, inventions, technology, raw materials, supplies, components and business services. Globalisation implies creation of world market as a single big market in the global economy. The Signposts of globalisation have effectuated : Global consumers Short life cycle for new technologies and products Homogenisation of markets Decreasing trade barriers and increasing openness in exports and imports. Decreasing cost of transportation and communications. Conclusion Globalisation means unification of national markets in evolving global economy and supports new fields such as biotechnology, telecommunication, networking and research and development. It creates opportunities for business and employment by breaking barriers in international trade.6Thus, globalisation can be a major force for prosperity only if it is backed by adequate national policies and condusive social and economic environment for women. Nowadays ,women are well- educated with technical and professional qualifications. Many of them have medical ,management and similar degrees and diplomas.Many have entered family business as equal partners.Women set up their own clinics or nursing homes ,small boutiques,small manufacturing enterprise and entered garment exports. Women in rural areas are engaged in selling eco-friendly bags ,dolls,soft toys,handicraft,solapur chappals,sanitary materials,plates and cups of areca leaves ,decorative items chocolates,ice-cream etc. In urban and semi urban areas they are engaged in selling designer saris ,doing mirror work ,furniture making ,land scalping ,tailoring and embroidery work,interior designing,fashion designing,mobile laundries,screen printing,cyber cafà ©,driving schools,supplying household articles,,beauty palours,DTP,manufacture and export of food products .Entrepreneurship in the animation industry is a new where women entrepreneurs have greater scope of development.Women entrepreneurs manufacturing solar cookers in Gujarat ,small foundries in Maharastra and T.V capacitors in Orissa have proved that women can excel men in any field if they are given the opportunities and thus the entrepreneurship of women is evident in endless ways.7Exploiting womens potential and converting it into profits is the key step to economic development in the present age of globalization. There is a major challenge for policy makers to ameliorate the conditions for the establishment and growth of women-owned business. Women entreprene urs should also try to get full moral and financial support from their family members. The local government and banks should come forward to help women entrepreneurs for providing loan at easy terms and conditions. Women entrepreneurs must be enthused to participate in international business in the present age of globalization through trade fairs and exhibitions. With the help of all these positive efforts, women entrepreneur may emerge as role model and touch new heights in the field of present business world. Entrepreneurship among women, no doubt, improves the wealth of the nation in general and of the family in particular. Women today are more willing to take up activities that were once considered the preserve of men, and have proved that they are second to no one in regard to contribution to the luxuriant efflorescence of the economy. Women entrepreneurship must be moulded properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges of global markets and also be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial arena.

Achieving Visibility in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Invisible Man,† as told by the â€Å"invisible man† himself, is the story of a man’s quest to separate his beliefs and values from those being pressed upon him. The narrator never gives his name in the story, which is shown later to have great significance. The narrator is a well-educated black man who has been kicked out of his college, and lied to by the school officials. While wandering around Harlem searching for some sort of closure, he encounters a black couple, unjustly evicted from their home. A crowd has gathered, also upset by the injustice, and seems to be ready to riot. Instead, the narrator speaks to them, and they rush the house systematically. This is his first true display of independent thinking and action in the story. He speaks his honest feelings to a crowd, and is backed by them. The narrator’s actions, however, don’t remain so uninhibited throughout the story. The narrator is later approached by a representative of a group called the Brotherhood, who wish for the narrator to join them as a black leader. In the beginning his ideas are respected, but in time his superiors order him to follow their instructions, placing aside his own ideas and feelings. For a while, the narrator regresses from his independence, simply content following orders. He comes to realize, however, that he is being stifled by the Brotherhood, desiring free action once again. The narrator’s will suddenly conflicts with the will of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood essentially wants to act more pacifistically, taking a less dangerous approach to the raging will of the black people. Rather than rectifying the changed Brotherhood, the narrator decides to sabotage it from the inside. His actions doing this once again represent those of a strong-willed individual, rather than his previous conformist following. The effect on the Brotherhood is shown when many of their members begin to leave, empowered now to stand against the corrupted Brotherhood. The end result is a huge riot in the streets of Harlem, between different affiliations, races, and communities. The narrator, along with his briefcase containing items of his past, is chased into a sewer during the riot. He looks through his items and realizes he has been deceived and made some poor choices in the past. He burns the items, saying goodbye to his past and embracing a new desire to understand himself, as well as his place in the world. Achieving Visibility in Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man :: Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man Ralph Ellison’s â€Å"Invisible Man,† as told by the â€Å"invisible man† himself, is the story of a man’s quest to separate his beliefs and values from those being pressed upon him. The narrator never gives his name in the story, which is shown later to have great significance. The narrator is a well-educated black man who has been kicked out of his college, and lied to by the school officials. While wandering around Harlem searching for some sort of closure, he encounters a black couple, unjustly evicted from their home. A crowd has gathered, also upset by the injustice, and seems to be ready to riot. Instead, the narrator speaks to them, and they rush the house systematically. This is his first true display of independent thinking and action in the story. He speaks his honest feelings to a crowd, and is backed by them. The narrator’s actions, however, don’t remain so uninhibited throughout the story. The narrator is later approached by a representative of a group called the Brotherhood, who wish for the narrator to join them as a black leader. In the beginning his ideas are respected, but in time his superiors order him to follow their instructions, placing aside his own ideas and feelings. For a while, the narrator regresses from his independence, simply content following orders. He comes to realize, however, that he is being stifled by the Brotherhood, desiring free action once again. The narrator’s will suddenly conflicts with the will of the Brotherhood. The Brotherhood essentially wants to act more pacifistically, taking a less dangerous approach to the raging will of the black people. Rather than rectifying the changed Brotherhood, the narrator decides to sabotage it from the inside. His actions doing this once again represent those of a strong-willed individual, rather than his previous conformist following. The effect on the Brotherhood is shown when many of their members begin to leave, empowered now to stand against the corrupted Brotherhood. The end result is a huge riot in the streets of Harlem, between different affiliations, races, and communities. The narrator, along with his briefcase containing items of his past, is chased into a sewer during the riot. He looks through his items and realizes he has been deceived and made some poor choices in the past. He burns the items, saying goodbye to his past and embracing a new desire to understand himself, as well as his place in the world.

Strategic Management and Personal Media Players

Apple, Inc. in 2010 Assignment Questions 1. What are the chief elements of Apple’s overall competitive strategy? How well do the pieces fit together? Is the strategy evolving? 2. What are the key elements of Apple’s strategy in computers, personal media players, and smartphones? Have its strategies in its core businesses yielded success? Explain. 3. What does a competitive strength assessment reveal about Apple’s computer business, as compared to the leaders in the personal computer industry? Use the methodology in Table 4. to support your answer. Does it appear that the company’s competitive positions in personal media players and smartphones or stronger or weaker than its position in computers? 4. Does it make good strategic sense for Apple to be a competitor in the computer, personal media player, smartphone, and tablet computer industries? Are the value chain activities that Apple performs in computers, personal media players, tablet computers and smar tphones very similar and â€Å"compatible† or are there very important differences from product to product?Which of the four products lines—computers, tablet computers, personal media players, or smartphones—do you think is most important to Apple’s future growth and profitability? Why? 5. What is your assessment of Apple Computer’s financial performance the past three years? (Use the financial ratios in Table 4. 1 on pages 94-96 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis. ) 6. What recommendations would you make to allow Apple to strengthen its position in its most important markets? What steps should it take to ensure that the iPad becomes a success in the marketplace and a major contributor to the company’s overall performance?Google’s Strategy in 2010* Assignment Questions 1. Discuss competition in the search industry. Which of the five competitive forces seem strongest? weakest? What is your assessment of overall ind ustry attractiveness? 2. How is the search industry changing? What forces seem most likely to bring about major change to the industry within the next three to five years? 3. What are the key factors that define success in the industry? What are the key competencies, capabilities, and resources of successful search engine companies? 4. Describe Google’s customer value roposition and profit formula linked to its business model. What strategies has Google relied upon to build competitive advantage in the industry? 5. Have Google’s business model and strategy proven to be successful? Should investors be impressed with the company’s financial performance? How does the company’s financial performance compare to that of Microsoft and Yahoo? Please conduct a financial analysis to support your position—you may wish to use the financial ratios presented in the Table 4. 1 of the text as a guide in doing your financial analysis of the company. . What are the company’s key resources and competitive capabilities? What competitive liabilities and resource weaknesses does it have? What opportunities exist? What threats to its continued success are present? 7. What recommendations would you make to Google’s top-management team to sustain its competitive advantage in the search industry? How should it best capitalize on its strategic initiatives in mobile phones, cloud computing, emerging markets, and other ventures? Southwest Airlines in 2010: Culture, Values, and Operating Practices Assignment Questions . Is there anything that you find particularly impressive about Southwest Airlines? 2. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in crafting the company’s strategy? What is it that you like or dislike about the strategy? Does Southwest have a winning strategy? 3. What are the key policies, procedures, operating practices, and core values underlying Southwest’s efforts to implement and execute its low-cost/no frills strategy? 4. What are the key elements of Southwest’s culture? Is Southwest a strong culture company? Why or why not?What problems do you foresee that Gary Kelly has in sustaining the culture now that Herb Kelleher, the company’s spiritual leader, has departed? 5. What grade would you give Southwest management for the job it has done in implementing and executing the company’s strategy? Which of Southwest’s strategy execution approaches and operating practices do you believe have been most crucial in accounting for the success that Southwest has enjoyed in executing its strategy? Are the any policies, procedures, and operating approaches at Southwest that you disapprove of or that are not working well? 6.What weaknesses or problems do you see at Southwest Airlines as of mid-2010? 7. Does the AirTran acquisition make good strategic sense for Southwest? 8. What strategic issues and problems do Gary Kelly and Southwest executiv es need to address as they proceed to close the deal with the AirTran acquisition and contemplate how best to integrate AirTran’s operations and AirTran’s employees into Southwest? 9. What recommendations would you make to Gary Kelly and Southwest executives as the company heads into 2011? Competition in Energy Drinks, Sports Drinks and Vitamin-Enhanced Beverages Assignment Questions 1.What are the strategically relevant components of the global and U. S. beverage industry macro-environment? How do the economic characteristics of the alternative beverage segment of the industry differ from that of other beverage categories? Explain. 2. What is competition like in the alternative beverage industry? Which of the five competitive forces is strongest? Which is weakest? What competitive forces seem to have the greatest effect on industry attractiveness and the potential profitability of new entrants? 3. How is the market for energy drinks, sports drinks and vitamin-enhanced beverages changing?What are the underlying drivers of change and how might those forces individually or collectively make the industry more or less attractive? 4. What does your strategic group map of the energy drink, sports drink, and vitamin-enhanced beverage industry look like? Which strategic groups do you think are in the best positions? The worst positions? 5. What key factors determine the success of alternative beverage producers? 6. What recommendations would you make to Coca-Cola to improve its competitiveness in the global alternative beverage industry? to PepsiCo? to Red Bull GmbH?

Contractions in Business Writing

Contractions in Business Writing A client questioned the proper use of contractions in business writing: Are there any guidelines for using contractions in business writing? Smart question! There are clear guidelines about contraction use from most style guides, but they can be contradictory. My approach to contractions has evolved over the past few years.To define:a contraction is a shortened form of a word or phrase, with the omitted letters replaced with an apostrophe (should not - shouldn't). Should Contractions be Used in Business Writing? Yes, contractions can and should be used, but use them thoughtfully. Years back, some grammarians feltcontractions did not belong in formal writing, but that was questionable advice then, and now most (but not all) style guides recommend contractions: Chicago Manual of Style: Most types of writing benefit from the use of contractions. If used thoughtfully, contractions in prose sound natural and relaxed and make reading more enjoyable. (â€Å"Contractions.† Chicago Manual of Style Online. Section 5.103. accessed Mar. 7 2012.) Modern American Usage: The common fear is that using contractions can make the writing seem breezy. For most of us, though, that risk is nil. What you gain should be a relaxed sincerity- not breeziness. (Brian A. Garner. 2003. Modern American Usage, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. p. 194.) Federal Government's Plain Language Website: â€Å"Write as you talk† is a common rule of writing readably, and the best tool to do that is to use contractions. People are accustomed to hearing contractions in spoken English, and using them in your writing helps them relate to your document. (PlainLanguage.gov. accessed Mar. 7, 2012.) Gregg Reference Manual: As a rule, contractions are used only in informal writing or in tables where space is limited. However, contractions of verb phrases are commonly used in business communcations where the writer is striving for an easy, colloquial tone.(William A. Sabin. 2005. The Gregg Reference Manual, 10th ed. McGraw-Hill. p. 148.) A Problem All business writing should be matched to your readers. If you commonly write to an international audience, use contractions very judiciously. Two style guides, specific to non-native writing, advise against contractions: Microsoft Manual of Style for Technical Publications: "Avoid contractions. As basic as contractions are to the native reader, they add unnecessary complexity for the non-native reader. For example, contractions that end in 's can be mistaken for possessive nouns, and the 's can be read as either has or is." The Elements of International English Style: A Guide to Writing Correspondence, Reports, Technical Documents, and Internet Pages for a Global Audience: "Avoid abbreviations, contractions, and acronyms" and "Contractions have no place in formal writing." Our Recommendation Use contractions in your business writing if it will sound more stilted or awkward not to use them. I set my grammar check to flag contractions. While I often use contractions because I want to project a warm and engaged voice, I do check my use of them in all documents, and especially in this blog since we have many non-native readers. When a contraction is flagged by my grammar checker, I ask myself if the contraction would still sound natural written out. If so, I avoid the contraction. If writing out the word or phrase sounds stilted, I use a more natural sounding contraction. Do not be afraid to use contractions. They do add an engaging voice. But, one can still be warm and engaging without contractions. This article has no contractions, yet I hope both my tone and information has helped your business writing!

buy custom The 1960s essay

buy custom The 1960s essay The 1960s by any standards was a time period that was revolutionary. It is a period that could be said to arouse nostalgia or bad feelings for those who were around during that time. Marwick.explains that most people agree that no matter the perspective, something avant-garde did happen in the 60s It can be described as an era of moral turpitude, radical politics, entertainment reinvention, changing family mindsets, lifestyle changes, scientific and technological advancements among other developments. This period is accredited with being historically significant as it transformed the social, political and cultural ideas. Critiques have however argued that nothing of lasting importance happened in the 60s and that it was a period of naivety and empty spectacle. This can however be countered with the many significant events that happened in the 60s and the revolutionary individuals that emerged during the period. This paper is going to examine why the 60s is labeled as a revolutionary period. The paper is going to explore significant events that happened in the 60s in order to show that the 60s was indeed a significant period. The Sixties: A Revolutionary Period In the 1960s there was a radical political revolution. This is mainly because of political movements such as the black civil rights movement in America, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, among many others. The black civil rights movement in America reached its peak in the 60s though it had began in the 50s. This movement was a struggle by the African Americans to be granted civil rights. The movement is mostly associated with Dr. Martin Luther and his famous speech; I have a dream. Martin Luther headed the Southern Christian Leadership Council, which organized several peaceful protests to demonstrate against discrimination of minority groups. The I have a dream speech is still famous up to date and in 1964 Martin Luther received the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize award. He was however assassinated in 1968. The legacy of Dr. King however lives on ill now and he is celebrated through the Martin Luther King Day every year on the third Monday of January. The civil rights movement of the 60s was however successful in that black peoples rights were more recognized with the enactment of the the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. President Kennedy was a radical president who sympathized with the African Americans at the time of the civil rights movement. Kennedy was at the time considered the wealthiest president in the history of the United States. His radical political strategies made him loved by many but he also attracted a few enemies. President Kennedy was assassinated in 1963; the perpetrator was said to be Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was however murdered before he could stand trial and up to date the world is still not very certain of the whole story behind Kennedys assassination. Kennedys assassination drew stunned reactions as people thought that the assassination was an attack on the US owing to the ongoing Cold War. President Kennedy had only been in power for two years. The Vietnam War also occurred duri ng the 1960s. This was a bloody war that began in 1959 and ended in 1975. The war was therefore basically started in the 60s. US entered the Vietnam War in order to stop the spread of communism in the country. The US however later decided to withdraw its troops before the war was over. Most Americans protested against the war as it was seen as unnecessary and thousands of Americans had died and others had been wounded. The 60s also saw the revolution of the entertainment industry. The British band the Beatles became extremely popular and they broke records with the sale of their albums that have not been reached to date by most artistes. Austerlitzexplains that the Beatles are rated the best selling group in history. One of the members of the Beatles, John Lennon was unfortunately assassinated in 1980, outside his home. The Beatles broke up in the 70s but still continue to enjoy fame and fortune up to date with some of their records being sold around the world. The Rolling Stones Band was also formed in 19622 in England. The band also fast became popular in North America and worldwide. The Rolling Stones became one of the most famous rock bands in history and they still produce records up to date. The Rolling Stones pushed boundaries that defined the general attitude of the 60s, and immensely revolutionizing the 1960s entertainment industry. In 1962, Marilyn Monroe who is viewed up to date as one o f the greatest entertainers sang a birthday song for then President John F. Kennedy. This performance is still considered up to date very memorable; the dress that Monroe wore on that night sold for over one million dollars in 1999 at an auction.The performance also sparked rumors of an affair between Monroe and President Kennedy. It was also one of Monroes last public performances as she died in August 1962. The sixties are also termed as revolutionary because of the technological advancements of the decade. There was a competition between the Soviet Union, now Russia and the U.S about who would send the first man to outer space. The Soviet Union sent Yuri Gagarin into outer space in 1961. In 1969 the first man landed on the moon; it was Neil Armstrong from America. There were also other outer space missions in the sixties. In 1960 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the female birth control contraceptive. The first heart transplant also took place in 1967 and it was performed by a doctor from South Africa. Conclusion It is very clear from the events presented that the sixties was a revolutionary period. The novel ideas that were presented then still continue to have an impact up to date. The individuals who played a big role in shaping the events of the sixties still remain significant up to date. This includes Martin Luther King, John F. Kennedy, and the Beatles, among many others. The 60s might have been viewed as flamboyant and unserious with such things as rampant abuse of hard drugs and the hippies culture; but there were many events that occurred during that decade that have shaped history as we know it. Buy custom The 1960s essay buy custom The 1960s essay The 1960s by any standards was a time period that was revolutionary. It is a period that could be said to arouse nostalgia or bad feelings for those who were around during that time. Marwick[1] explains that most people agree that no matter the perspective, something avant-garde did happen in the 60s. The 60s can be described as an era of moral turpitude, radical politics, entertainment reinvention, changing family mindsets, lifestyle changes, scientific and technological advancements among other developments. This period is accredited with being historically significant as it transformed the social, political and cultural ideas. Critiques have however argued that nothing of lasting importance happened in the 60s and that it was a period of naivety and empty spectacle. This can however be countered with the many significant events that happened in the 60s and the revolutionary individuals that emerged during the period. This paper is going to examine why the 60s is labeled as a revol utionary period. The paper is going to explore significant events that happened in the 60s in order to show that the 60s was indeed a significant period. The Sixties: A Revolutionary Period In the 1960s there was a radical political revolution. This is mainly because of political movements such as the black civil rights movement in America, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the Vietnam War, among many others. The black civil rights movement in America reached its peak in the 60s though it had began in the 50s. This movement was a struggle by the African Americans to be granted civil rights. The movement is mostly associated with Dr. Martin Luther and his famous speech; I have a dream. Martin Luther headed the Southern Christian Leadership Council, which organized several peaceful protests to demonstrate against discrimination o minority groups. The I have a dream speech is still famous up to date and in 1964 Martin Luther received the prestigious Nobel Peace Prize award. He was however assassinated in 1968. The legacy of Dr. King however lives on till now and he is celebrated through the Martin Luther King Day every year on the third Monday of January. The civil rights movement of the 60s was however successful in that black peoples rights were more recognized with the enactment of the the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The 60s was also an age of information technological advancements. In 1964 International Business Machines (IBM) launched the system 360 which was a computer that revolutionized many businesses in America. This computer was used as a mainstay computer by many companies and businesses between 1964 and 1978. Abbate[2] explains in her book that the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was also developed by the United States Department of Defense throughout the 60s. ARPANET was the first equipped packet switching system, and was also known as the first form of internet. Packet switching revolutionized data communication in the 60s and continues to do so till present. Internet technology has also transformed the way we live our lives. The ATM and barcode scanners were also invented in 1960s. The ATM was invented by John Shepherd Barron and was first introduced in Barclays Bank in UK in 1967. The first barcode scanner was commercially used in 1966. The ATM and barcode scanne rs are still in use up to date and they have revolutionized many areas of finance and shopping. The sixties are also termed as revolutionary because of the technological advancements of the decade. There was a competition between the Soviet Union, now Russia and the U.S about who would send the first man to outer space. The Soviet Union sent Yuri Gagarinn into outer space in 1961. In 1969 the first man landed on the moon; it was Neil Armstrong from America. There were also other outer space missions in the sixties. There was also advancement in the medical fraternity. In 1960 the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the female birth control contraceptive. The first heart transplant also took place in 1967 and it was performed by a doctor from South Africa. Baenninger[3] explains that in 1963 chemist Leo Sternbach launched a drug called Valium into the American market. Valium is a tranquilizer drug that is often prescribed to relieve anxiety. Valium went on to become the most prescribed pill between 1969 and 1982. Even though valium has been said to have extreme side effe cts and was reported to be addictive it helped many deal with anxiety and alcoholism. The ultrasound was also invented in the 60s. The ultrasound has been used in sonography to help view unborn babies in their mothers wombs. This is the most common use of ultrasound but it is also for so many other purposes including in cleaning teeth and in welding plastics together. This was a technological milestone that is still being enjoyed to this day. In 1965 chemotherapy was first used in cancer treatment. This discovery has helped many to this day deal with the deadly cancer disease. It is very clear from the events presented that the sixties was a revolutionary period. The novel ideas that were presented then still continue to have an impact up to date. The technological and medical advancements made in the 60s are still in use to this day and they have revolutionized the way we live our lives. The 60s might have been viewed as flamboyant and unserious with such things as rampant abuse of hard drugs and the hippies culture; but there were many events that occurred during that decade that have shaped history as we know it. Buy custom The 1960s essay

Grading System or Salary Scales for an organization Assignment

Grading System or Salary Scales for an organization - Assignment Example r most of the varied local government services workers and for this reason all these are totally decided by the National Joint Council for the local government services. Thus it is of prime importance to understand that the employers use the past salary arrangement whichever they have used successfully during the past years to make payments and also to structure the salary structures for the present and the future years. Hence though it is up to the sole discretion and up to the employers to determine the salary of the employees they have to always bear in mind that the salary structure will always have a huge impact on the minds of the employees and also their productivity which can surely affect the performance of the company and also the profits acquired by the company and also the individual performance of the employees with respect to their commitment to the organization. This will surely go a long way and a simple fault on these lines in determining the salary structure of the individual employees will surely affect the overall organization in the future. For this very reason the employers have to be very clear and also very honest and also should be very liberal and also use all their discretionary powers when determining the salary structure of the employees. Hence it is of prime importance that the managers who are entrusted with the determination of the3 salary structure have to take extra precautions and also structure the salary scales based on various factors and not based on their individual whims and fancies. It is for this very reason that the organization and its managers who are going to structure the salary scales have to attend meetings and also should be very well trained pack of officials who can very well determine what type of salary should be fixed for the employees and also on what basis. Thus before the determination of the salary structures they should have high level meetings and also conduct a proper performance appraisal for the

National Culture and Financial Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

National Culture and Financial Systems - Essay Example Based on the findings of this two-part study, the writer will draw conclusions and make inferences on the subjects. This will include an examination of important elements and aspects of culture and its consequences on the national, firm and individual levels and specific implications for the two countries in the quest. â€Å"Culture is the full range of learned human behavior patterns† (Taylor, 2009: 85). Culture refers to the patterns that are generally accepted in a given community. These behavioral patterns dictate what is right and what is wrong in the community. Hence, culture defines a framework of what is acceptable and what is not acceptable. Another definition put forward by the Center for Advanced Research on Language Acquisition states that â€Å"culture is a shared pattern of behaviors, interactions, cognitive constructs and affective understanding that are learned through a process of socialization† (2012). This means that culture relates to a number of preferences and patterns that are common in a community because the social structures of the community have accepted them and they transmit them to other people. Culture clearly defines the social system of a community and sets a clear framework for what is right and what is wrong. Organizations take inputs from the environment, process them into outputs which they offer to customers. Customers are products of the society. Hence, customers are influenced by the norms, values, and culture of the society. Due to this, cultural analysis is an important aspect of business success. Thus, a business must undertake an analysis of culture in order to succeed. It can be demonstrated on the national, firm and individual level.